Present Perfect Simple

S + have/has + past participle

• In an action that began in the past, but we don’t know exactly when.

Ex.:
- I have (already) been to London.
- Have you studied for the test?
- They haven’t finished their Christmas play (yet).

Expressions to use: Yet (end of the sentence in negative), ever, never, just, already (after the verb have/has), since, for, recently (begin of the sentence)

Questions tags

• These exercises are easy, aren’t they?
These exercises are easy: affirmative.
Aren’t I: negative.

• Tiago is nice, isn’t he?
Tiago is nice: affirmative.
Isn’t he: negative.

• You aren’t going to the party, are you?
You aren’t going to the party: negative.
Are you: affirmative.

Passive voice

How to do it:
1º Sublinhar o verbo;
2º Identificar o tempo verbal;
3º Aplicar a regra: to be + past participle.

- In Portuguese:

● O Pedrinho come a maçã.
A maçã é comida pelo Pedrinho.
● O Tiaguinho comeu o bolo.
O bolo foi comido pelo Tiaguinho.

- Now, in English:

● Inês bakes a cake everyday. (present simple)
A cake is baked by Inês everyday.
● João cleaned the car. (past simple)
The car was cleaned by João.

Countable and Uncountable nouns

Countable:

● Things that you can count.

Ex.:
- Pen, table, day, book, …
- How many…?

Uncountable:

● Things that you aren’t able to count.

Ex.:
- water, rice, money, sugar, milk, …
- How much…?

Modal verbs

A. Ability

● Can / can't / cannot / could (Present /future)
● Could / couldn't / could not (Past)

Ex.:
- She can play piano.
- They can’t study alone.

B. Possibility

● May / might / could / may not / might not / could not / couldn’t (Present/future)
● Might have / may have / could have (past)

Ex.:
- Jane might go to the party.
- Jess may win the competition.

C. Permission

● Can /can’t / may/ may not

Ex.:
- Teacher, sorry I'm late. May I come in?
- Dad, can I go to the party?

D. Certainty/ Obligation

● Must / mustn't / must not (present / future)
● Must have (past)

Ex.:
- You must obey the school's rules.
- Tomorrow you have a Maths test. You must study!

E. Advice

● Should / shouldn't (present/ future)
● Should have (past)

Ex.:
- I think you should talk to them.
- Should he go to the doctor?

"Be going to" + infinitive

• For planned actions.

Aff.: I’m going to surf this week-end.
Neg.: They aren’t going to swim this Sunday.
Int.: Are we going to see the concert?

Future "will" + infinitive

• When we aren’t sure;
• Something you decide at the moment;
• Intentions.